À̺´·ÎÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö [±âÃÊÁö½Ä]
|
|
|
Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü(RTD)¿Í ¿Àü´ë(½á¸ðÄ¿ÇÃ) ¼±Åà |
»ê¾÷°è¿¡¼ ¿Âµµ¸¦ ÃøÁ¤Çϴµ¥
°¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¾²ÀÌ´Â µÎ°¡Áö µµ±¸´Â Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü (RTD resistance
temperature
detector)¿Í ¿Àü´ë (thermocouples)ÀÌ´Ù. ¾î´À ¶§ ¿Àü´ë¸¦ ¾²°í ¾î´À ¶§
Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü¸¦ ½á¾ß Çϴ°¡? º¸Åë ³× °¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò (¿Âµµ, ½Ã°£, Å©±â, ÃÑ ¿ä±¸
Á¤È®µµ)¿¡ µû¶ó °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.
¾î´À ¿Âµµ°¡ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â°¡? |
|
°øÁ¤ ¿Âµµ°¡ ?200 ~ 500¡É ÀÌ¸é »ê¾÷¿ë Ãø¿Â
ÀúÇ×ü°¡ ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿Âµµ°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ôÀ¸¸é ¿Àü´ë¸¦ ¾µ ¼ö¹Û¿¡
¾ø´Ù. |
¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ½Ã°£ ´ëÀÀ Á¶°ÇÀº? |
|
°øÁ¤ÀÌ ¿Âµµ º¯È¿¡ ´ëÇØ ²Ï ºü¸¥ ´ëÀÀÀÌ
¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù¸é -- ¸î Ãʰ¡ (2.5 ~ 10ÃÊ) ¾Æ´Ï¶ó 1ÃÊ ¹Ì¸¸ -- ¿Àü´ë°¡
ÁÁ´Ù. 3 ft/sec·Î È帣´Â ¹°¿¡ ¼¾¼¸¦ ´ã±×°í 63.2 % ½ºÅÜ º¯È¸¦
ÃøÁ¤Çؼ ½Ã°£ ´ëÀÀÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸í½ÉÇ϶ó. |
Å©±â ¿ä±¸ Á¶°ÇÀº? |
|
Ç¥ÁØ Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü ½Ã½º Á÷°æÀº 3.1 mm ~
6.35mm ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿Àü´ë ½Ã½º Á÷°æÀº 1.57mm º¸´Ù ÀÛÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. |
ÃÑ Á¤È®µµ ¿ä±¸ Á¶°ÇÀº? |
|
°øÁ¤ÀÌ 2 ¡É ÀÌ»ó ¿ÀÂ÷¸¦ Çã¿ëµÈ´Ù¸é, ¿Àü´ë°¡ Àû´çÇÏ´Ù. °øÁ¤¿¡¼ 2 ¡É ¹Ì¸¸ ¿ÀÂ÷¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù¸é Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü¸¦ ½á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü´Â ¸î ³â°£ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î °ü¸®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¿Àü´ë´Â »ç¿ëÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛ ÇÑÁö ¸î ½Ã°£ ÈĺÎÅÍ ¿À Áö½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸í½ÉÇ϶ó. |
±â¼úÀû °üÁ¡Àº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸
°¡°ÝÀº °í·Á ´ë»óÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Àü´ë Æò±Õ °¡°ÝÀº °³´ç 35$ À̸ç,
Ãø¿Â
ÀúÇ×ü Æò±Õ °¡°ÝÀº °³´ç 55$ ÀÌ´Ù. º¸»ó µµ¼± °¡°Ýµµ »ý°¢ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Àü´ë´Â
¿Àü´ë¿Í
µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀçÁúÀÎ º¸»ó µµ¼±ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇѵ¥ 3$ / m ÀÌ´Ù. ´ÏÄÌ µµ±ÝµÇ°í
Å×ÇÁ·Ð ÄÚÆÃµÈ Ç¥ÁØ Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü
Àü¼±Àº ¸Å¿ì ½Î´Ù.
Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü ±âº» |
¿ä¼Ò°¡ È®ÀεǸé, Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü³ª ¿Àü´ëÀÇ Å¸ÀÔÀÌ ¼±ÅõȴÙ. Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü´Â ÀúÇ× ´ë ¿Âµµ Ãâ·ÂÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¸ç ¼öµ¿Àû ±â±¸À̹ǷΠ°¡µ¿Çϴµ¥ 1mA Á¤µµ ¸¸ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¾²´Â Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü´Â ¾ËÆÄ »ó¼ö 0.00385 ohms/ohm/¡ÉÀÎ 100ohm, ¹é±Ý ¼¾¼ÀÌ´Ù. 0¡É¿¡¼ (¾óÀ½ Á¡) Ãʱâ Á¤È®µµ¿Í ¿îÀü ¹üÀ§¿¡ °ÉÄ¡´Â Á¤È®µµ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â DIN A ¿Í DIN B·Î ÁÖ¹®µÈ´Ù. IEC 751¿¡ µû¸£¸é DIN A ´Â 0.15 ¡É ¡¾ 0.002/t* , t*´Â ƯÁ¤ ¿Âµµ, DIN B ´Â 0.3¡É ¡¾ 0.005/t* ÀÌ´Ù. Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü´Â ´ÏÄÌ, ±¸¸®, ¶Ç´Â ´ÏÄÌ/ö·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °¢ ±Ý¼ÓÀº ¾ËÆÄ »ó¼ö¿Í ¿îÀü ¹üÀ§°¡ ´Ù¸£´Ù. Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×üÀÇ ¾ËÆÄ »ó¼ö´Â °è±â¿Í ¸ÂÃçÁ®¾ß µÇ¸ç ¾ÈµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§´Â ¿ÀÂ÷°¡ ¸î µµ³ª ³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
¿Àü´ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ |
¿Àü´ë´Â ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ ±Ý¼ÓÀ¸·Î ¾ó¸¶µçÁö ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ISA´Â ¿µÎ°³¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ŸÀÔ J, K, T, E °¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Àü´ë¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϴµ¥ °¡Àå ÀÚÁÖ ¾²ÀÌ´Â °ÍÀº Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ¿Âµµ ¹üÀ§ÀÌ´Ù. ŸÀÔ J´Â 0 ¡É ~ 756 ¡É ¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù. ŸÀÔ K ´Â 0 ¡É ~ 1260 ¡É¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù. ŸÀÔ T´Â - 184¡É ~ 371 ¡É¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ŸÀÔ E´Â 0¡É ~ 871¡É ¿¡ ÇØ´çµÈ´Ù. Ç¥ÁØ ¿ÀÂ÷ ÇѰè¿Í Ư¼ö ¿ÀÂ÷ ÇѰ赵 »ý°¢µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ °ªÀº ¿Àü´ë¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Àü¼± ¼øµµ¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ´Ù. µ·À» Á¶±Ý¸¸ ´õ ¾²¸é, ¿Àü´ë »ç¾ç ¼±ÅÃÀÚµéÀº Á¤È®µµ¸¦ Å©°Ô Çâ»ó½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (100% ¶Ç´Â ÀÌ»ó ) Ư¼öÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡ Á¦´ë·Î ¿Àü´ë¿Í Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏ ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐ Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü³ª ¿Àü´ë Á¦Á¶ ȸ»çµéÀº °í°´µéÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î ¿Âµµ ÃøÁ¤ ¼³ºñ¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ Áö¿øÀ» ÇØÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
°£Æí ¼±Åà Áöħ |
||
Ãø¿Â ÀúÇ×ü |
|
¿Àü´ë |
¢º ³ÐÀº ¿Âµµ ¹üÀ§¿¡¼
¾ÈÁ¤µÈ Ãâ·Â Á¦°ø. |
|
¢º 645¡É À̻󿡼 ¿îÀü
°¡´ÉÇÔ. |
º»¹® ¿øº» |
February 1999 Control Engineering
BACK TO BASICS
Choosing RTDs and thermocouples
Jim Sulciner
national
sales manager
Burns Engineering (Minnetonka,Minn.)
The two most common ways of
measuring industrial temperatures are with resistance temperature detectors
(RTDs) and thermocouples. But when should control engineers use a thermocouple
and when should they
use an RTD? The answer is usually determined by
four factors: temperature, time, size, and overall accuracy
requirements.
What are the temperature requirements?
If process temperatures fall from -328 to 932¡ÆF (-200 to 500¡ÆC),
then an industrial RTD is an option. But for extremely high temperatures,
a thermocouple may be the only
choice.
What are the time-response
requirements? If the process requires a very fast response to temperature
changes--fractions of a second as opposed to seconds (i.e. 2.5 to 10sec)--then
a thermocouple is the
best choice. Keep in mind that time response
is measured by immersing the sensor in water moving at
3 ft/sec with
a 63.2% step change.
What are the size requirements?
A standard RTD sheath is 0.125 to 0.25 in. dia., while sheath diameters
for thermocouples can be less than 0.062 in.
What are the overall requirements
for accuracy? If the process only requires a tolerance of 2¡ÆC or greater,
then a thermocouple is appropriate. If the process needs less than
2¡ÆC tolerance, then an RTD is the
only choice. Keep in mind, unlike
RTDs that can maintain stability for many years, thermocouples can drift
within the first few hours of use.
Although not a technical point,
price may be another consideration. An average thermocouple costs
approximately
$35, while an average RTD costs $55. Cost of extension wire must also be
considered.
Thermocouples require the same type of extension wire material
as the thermocouple, which can cost up
to $1 per ft. Standard nickel-plated,
teflon-coated RTD wire averages pennies per ft.
RTD basics
Once parameters are defined,
the type of RTD or thermocouple is chosen. RTDs provide a resistance vs.
temperature output and are passive devices, needing no more than 1.0 mA
to run. The most common RTD
is a 100 ohm, platinum sensor, with an
alpha coefficient of 0.00385 ohms/ohm/C. It can be ordered as DIN
A
or DIN B which specifies the initial accuracy at 0¡ÆC (ice point) and the
interchangeability over the operating
range. IEC 751 states that DIN
A is 0.15¡ÆC ¡¾ 0.002/t*,where t* = specified temperature. DIN B is
0.3¡ÆC ¡¾0.005/t*.
RTDs can also be constructed from nickel, copper,
or nickel/iron. Each metal has a different alpha
coefficient and operating
range. An RTDs alpha coefficient must be matched to its instrumentation
or an error
of several degrees can occur.
About thermocouples
Thermocouples can be made
with any combination of two dissimilar materials. ISA recognizes twelve
thermocouples. Eight of the 12 have letter designations including Type
J, Type K, Type T and Type E.
The most common determining factor for
chosing thermocouple type is the temperature range of its intended
application. Type J is suitable for a temperature range of 32 to 1,400 ¡ÆF
(0 to 759.99¡ÆC). Type K is appropriate
for a temperature range of
32 to 2,300 ¡ÆF (0 to 1,259.99¡ÆC). Type T handles a temperature range of
-300 to
700¡ÆF (-184.44 to 371¡ÆC). Type E fits a temperature range
of 32 to 1,600¡ÆF (0 to 871.11¡ÆC).
Quick selection guidelines
RTDs:
Offer stable output within
broad
temperature ranges
Can be recalibrated for verifiable
accuracy; Are stable over the long term
Follow a more linear curve
than
thermocouples;
Have high sensitivity;
and Provide accurate reading over
narrow temperature spans.
Thermocouples:
Operate at temperatures over
1,200¡ÆF (648.88
¡ÆC);
Perform in extremely rugged
applications;
Offer very
fast response to temperature changes;
Are small in physical size;
and
May have a lower initial cost in some applications.
Standard limits of error and
special limits of error must also be considered. These values relate to
the purity of
the wire used to manufacture the thermocouple. For very
little additional cost, thermocouple specifiers can
often improve accuracies
greatly (100% or greater).
Specifying the correct thermocouple
or RTD for an unconventional application may be a difficult task.
Many
manufacturers of RTDs and thermocouples offer applications engineering support
to help customers
select the right combination of temperature measurement
equipment.
Control Engineering- February 1999
Copyright ¨Ï 1999 Cahners Business Information, A Division of Reed Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright(c) 1998 Byong-Ro Lee All rights reserved.
Contact bryh@nuri.net for more information.
![]()