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CE Section :OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE STRIVE FOR MAINTENANCE WITHOUT WASTE Close the gap between the way things are and the way things could be Every organization should aspire to claim that its maintenance is ``World Class.'' Although that is a bit of jargon, it is aworthy goal. The advice given here comes from programs of companies that are the planet's best maintenance performers. A goal requires measurements. Two definitions help. World-class maintenance is maintenance without waste. Waste is defined as the gap between the way things are and the way things could be. Take a look at a poorly integrated maintenance and operations organization. The waste gap tends to continuously increase. These organizations focus on reacting to problems immediately or on short notice. They get trapped in a circle of reacting to problems instead of preventing problems. Consequently, there will not be any time to take measures that will break this reactive work cycle. Local class maintenance When equipment is operating without problems and no other panic-work comes up, the maintenance organization tends to slow down and wait for the next problem. There is no planned backlog of tasks. A culture develops where people think it is of no use to start any other work because of interruptions. So, in the time between reactive work emergencies, little is accomplished. Oddly, the operations department finds this situation comforting, because somebody deals with equipment problems on short notice. For them, it is easier to just call maintenance to fix a problem when it occurs. No one is going to write a work request to correct an anticipated problem before it causes a real problem. This situation is typical, especially when Operations is not responsible for the cost of maintenance. The situation I have described is, of course, unacceptable but, nevertheless, common. I call it ``local-class'' because it is far from being ``world-class.'' Maintenance is very do oriented. Management is impressed. These people are solving recurring problems and staying busy. World-class maintenance A world-class maintenance organization is not reactive. Its job is to anticipate the future and plan and schedule corrective actions. A world-class maintenance organization is not only do oriented, it is also, primarily, think oriented. It is an organization that continuously designs out problems as its reason for being. Engineering has a role in the anticipation process. When designing new equipment, the focus is on reliability and maintainability. Decisions are based on life cycle cost calculations (cost to buy and own) rather than lowest purchase price. Attitudes defeat software To achieve world class maintenance, first you should be aware that you are dealing with a cultural change. Software is not a panacea. The organization needs fixing. The purchase of a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) or instruments for predictive maintenance will not always be successful. Only 80% of systems are actually used and only about 30% of system capacity is utilized. This means the success rate for a CMMS is only 24% [1]. Over 40% of all predictive maintenance systems we have studied in plants are not predictive but are instead reactive. Calls for trouble-shooting often interrupt data-collection routines. This results in completing less vibration analysis and, consequently, more calls for trouble-shooting. I am convinced that in most process industries the right thing to do is to use CMMS and predictive maintenance. There are many good systems and instruments on the market. We can seldom blame CMMS or the predictive instruments for not having the expected capabilities. Instead, we have to look at these as valuable tools that can support us in doing a better job. These good tools frequently fail to pay a return because plants have not been successful in changing the culture to support efficient use of these tools. Many studies [2] have confirmed that there is no correlation between high maintenance productivity and having a CMMS or predictive maintenance tools in a plant. One true correlation is that a high level of planning and scheduling of maintenance work results in high overall equipment efficiency and lower annual costs of maintenance. Predictive maintenance does not prevent anything. It only gives information on failures that are developing toward a breakdown. With this information, we can anticipate the future, and plan and schedule corrective maintenance actions. In the best case, software can schedule the corrective action to be executed in a maintenance ``window.'' A maintenance ``window'' is the opportunity that presents itself when equipment is down for other reasons than planned and scheduled maintenance; for example, changing tools, cleaning, process change and market conditions. ROM culture In the Results Oriented Maintenance (ROM) philosophy, we believe that the results you achieve depend on Doing the Right Things, and your organization's Acceptance for doing the right things. Think of this as an equation. Results = right things + acceptance (1) There is a big step here. Accepting a new culture is a mind-set problem. Do-the-right-things requires finding both the ``things'' and the right way to perform. Emphasis on results is wrong. Traditionally, results of good maintenance have been viewed as a low cost of maintenance, often measured as, for example, maintenance cost per ton. Someone will always find the cost too high. Looking at maintenance in this way results in emphasizing an old attitude that maintenance only costs money and does not contribute to productivity. During the past 25 years, many process industries have more than tripled their production output. At the same time, the number of operators has gone down about 30% while maintenance crafts people have remained almost unchanged [3]. This evolution is driven by increased automation and by the wrong approach to measuring maintenance productivity. There are many plants where traditional maintenance makes up over 50% of all front-line people. Some plants are even above 90%; for example, highly automated plastic molding operations. The right thing to do is to measure maintenance results as: Results = PT/$1,000 (2) PT = Prime Quality Tons (or other measurement) of manufacturing product. $1,000 = $1,000 unit invested in maintenance. Obviously, this is the inverted formula of cost/ton, but it will change the way top management, especially accountants, view results of maintenance. It will better reflect that most plants focus on (or at least talk about) quality as more important than volume and costs. I have heard accountants asking ``Why do we spend so much money on Preventive Maintenance -- when we never have any breakdowns?'' At last, we have an answer to that question. The consequence of this evolution is that productivity is a result of reliable equipment and consequently efficient maintenance. Comparisons are a fallacy. Traditionally, plants compare maintenance costs with other plants. We think this is the wrong approach, because it wastes much energy and time explaining why the figures are wrong, (unless you are the best performer in this comparison) instead of focusing your energy on what you can do to improve. The right thing to do is to bench-mark yourself and measure your continuous improvement of these bench marks. See Table 1 for a compilation of good bench marks in the process industries. Managing a maintenance organization on historic results is like driving a car by only looking in the rear view mirror. Results are historic or an outcome of past events. The budget is an example of an outcome of past events. The right thing to do is to have performance indicators instituted as close to the action as possible. This will motivate and trigger actions that will influence the overall performance There is a list in Table 2. The revised company The traditional view is that maintenance is a service organization; operations is the internal customer of maintenance; and engineering is an isolated ``happy island.'' The right thing to do is to view operations, maintenance and engineering as partners in a joint venture to produce quality products. I contend that production is a partnership between operations and maintenance and engineering. The market drives production. There is only one customer in a company -- the buyer of your manufactured product. This approach will break down barriers and forge cooperation and communications. Maintenance will deliver equipment reliability, and operations will deliver process reliability. Engineering will support both maintenance and operations and practice life-cycle-cost in their design, specifications, and selection procedures. This means they select equipment on cost-to-buy and cost-to-own. Life-cycle-cost includes both Reliability Analysis and Maintainability Analyses. Most maintenance organizations can verify they received recognition when they fix a major breakdown, but they seldom hear anything when they have prevented a breakdown. There is nothing wrong in recognizing good work in a breakdown situation. Sending the wrong messages However, if this is the only time maintenance people are recognized for good work, it sends the wrong message. This type of recognition fosters a culture of ``Maintenance Heroes.'' They become action-oriented, and it can be close to impossible to change some of these individuals to more planned, scheduled and organized maintenance work. Poor maintenance is highly visible and good maintenance is invisible, because it is less action-oriented. The right thing to do is to recognize implemented improvements, failure avoidance, planning and scheduling performance and overall equipment efficiency. Work measurement is a remnant of the past. In my opinion, it does not belong in the 1990s. However, many people still use work measurement. Some consultants still promote this, especially if they have not managed to change their philosophy and services with the evolution of new organizations and technologies. Yes, I know, many people will not agree with me, but I believe work measurements are the wrong thing to do. To do hands-on, tools-type work measurements is a classical example of doing the wrong thing. There are four major reasons behind this statement: 1. It does not
promote cooperation between management and crafts people. Contrarily,
it often creates animosity In a scheduled shutdown, it is true that people are more productive if they can work on planned and scheduled work without interruptions. Again, good management accomplishes this by good planning and scheduling. The right thing to do is to analyze how well we manage and the easiest thing to do is to evaluate how well you plan and schedule. I have created the Figure (p.163) based on a large number of clients. Some other recommendations Set up a maintenance program: Implement the most cost-effective of the following procedures. There are numerous books and articles explaining these programs. -- Condition Based
Maintenance (CBM). Measure condition and take necessary planned
and scheduled corrective maintenance action Cost Effective Maintenance Procedures The right thing to do is to focus on maintenance prevention, including reliable design, right operating practices, lubrication, detailed cleaning, and alignment. The goal is to reduce overall cost (including environmental damage, personal injury, production losses, maintenance costs, and asset deterioration) and the frequency of preventive maintenance (FPM). Use careful mathematics, as FPM is based on the failure distribution and each failure's developing period, not on simple frequency-of-occurrence. Calculate key performance indicators The overall equipment efficiency (OEE) relates to the number of components in a process that can cause production losses. You need this to rate your program. The fewer delicate components, the more reliable the process is. The formula for OEE includes measurements of: A = Availability,
or time efficiency Instead of comparing too much, it is most important that OEE continuously improves. Typically, good performance varies with the exact process. Example 1 - A complete linerboard machine can achieve: A = 97% (Based
on 365 available days) Example 2 - A bottling or packaging line can typically achieve: A = 92% Edited by Peter
M. Silverberg TABLE 1. WORLD-CLASS BENCHMARKS Attribute Benchmark TABLE 2. KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS This is not a conventional input-output table. Improvement in any input can lead to gains in the results. Sensitivity analysis will determine which items will have large impacts. Work on them first. IMPROVEMENT INPUTS RESULTS How well you manage
Overall TABLE 3. HOW TO IMPROVE PLANNING AND SCHEDULING Match the schedule to the actual work load. Schedule the work with real time estimates, and include problem solving, or thinking time, as part of all work done by the crafts people. In a world-class maintenance organization, 25% of all effort hours are used on problem-solving or continuous improvement or ``Design-Out Maintenance Problems.'' Scheduling compliance can wrongly appear to be very high. Most front line supervisors schedule work to fit the people available. Time estimates are usually based on four- or eight-hour segments. Two or more people are assigned to each job in many cases. This provides the supervisor with a buffer of resources and makes it easy to add jobs to the schedule on short notice. Use most of any scheduled meeting time on planning next week and tomorrow. This can be done in a world-class maintenance organization. Few problems occur, so little time is wasted on yesterday's problems. Instead the focus is on future activities. Following the same principle, a first-line supervisor should work on a monthly or weekly forecast and complete the next day's schedule about one hour before the end of each day. Communicate the schedule with crafts people so they can prepare for tomorrow before they go home. Most plants have morning meetings to discuss what happened yesterday and during the night. A little time at the end is used to discuss what is going to happen today. Flexibility is limited by skills. This could require possible changes in union agreements and a focused training program for crafts people. My experience is that unions don't fight these issues if management presents a clear plan. The maintenance organization with 12-14 crafts, is, or will soon be, a thing of the past. Flexibility in work is limited by craft specialties and union contracts. Lost-production analyses: 1. Define the problem 2. Solve the problem 3. Classify it properly. Use multiple categories such as, department, equipment, type of failure. Items one and two are action oriented. Item three is history, to be used for further analyses. Poor lost-production analyses are done only by classifying the lost production per department, for example, operations, mechanical maintenance, electrical maintenance, or instrumentation. This procedure does not build a partnership between departments, nor does it solve any problems. Plan and schedule maintenance so well that stores can prepare and deliver parts where and when needed. Many maintenance organizations are wasting 20-30% of their time walking to the storeroom and searching for parts. All technical and economical information about equipment must be easily available. The equipment, loop or circuit number should be the key to this information. As a minimum, all parts kept in stores should be tied to the equipment identification. Many organizations waste 20-30% of time because of poor documentation. The lack of good documentation is one of the reasons why most maintenance planners do not have time to plan. Have no maintenance people on shift (or a few, and no supervisor). This is possible if you believe you will have no maintenance problems. If you do not think this is possible, then it's time to do something about it. This is a strong measurement of the culture. Most continuously operating plants have limited maintenance resources covering the late shifts. However, it is common to see a large organization have a maintenance supervisor on each shift. [Illustration] Illustration: Illustration: Graph: FIGURE. Planning pays off in efficiency and lower costs of the maintenace function TOM GAGLIANO [References]
[Biography] Christer Idhammar started his professional career in the Swedish Merchant Marine. After gaining the position of Chief Engineer in 1968, he left to start a career in industrial maintenance and reliability management. In 1972, he co-founded Idhammar Konsult AB in Sweden, and in 1984, Idhammar UK in the United Kingdom. In 1985, he started Idcon Inc. (7200 Falls of Neuse Road, Raleigh, NC 27615; Phone: 919-847-8764; Fax: 919-847-8647), where he is the president and owner. He earned an engineering degree in mechanical marine engineering in Sweden, in 1968, from the University of Lule. Professional affiliations include membership in many societies. Clients include process industries on a world-wide basis. |
Copyright(c) 1998 Byong-Ro Lee All rights reserved.
Contact bryh@nuri.net for more information.
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