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HOW TO FACILITATE STARTUP A commonsense approach breaks this monumental task into manageable components Martin E. Butler, Foster Wheeler USA Corp. Years ago, engineers started up and operated process plants with their senses of hearing, touch and smell. But today's plants are larger, have more-complex processes, require more-intricate control systems and are considerably more costly to build. Starting up a plant today requires five Ps: Proper planning prevents poor performance. Accordingly, this article offers a sequential guide to training, precommissioning, commissioning and startup. Components of training Plant-operator training depends upon operators' experience levels and the complexity of the unit or units being brought onstream. Complete training consists of formal-classroom, similar-plant, and on-the-job training (OJT). All three phases take place in support facilities and process units. Support-facilities training can cover boiler operation, instrument air dryer operation, cooling towers, waste- and water-treatment equipment, flare systems and special tankage handling. If plant operators have a low level of experience, a vendor representative may be approached to conduct formal classroom sessions. The amount of time spent for classroom training can vary from plant to plant; however, two weeks is generally an appropriate period. A process licensor typically conducts classroom training for its process unit or units. Classroom instructors are chief operators or process engineers who may also participate in field training. Two weeks is usually allotted for formal classroom training on each process unit. The main components for classroom sessions include: an operating manual, process simulators and trainers. Operating manual sections The operating manual normally consists of the following sections: General description. Plant duty is described, vis-a-vis its design capacity and chemical or physical changes that occur during processing. Basis of design is addressed, including listings of feedstock specifications, product and byproduct specifications and battery limit conditions. Process-stream flows through sections of the plant are discussed, and tables provide estimated requirements for utilities, chemicals and their specifications. This section also includes material-balance and process-flow diagrams. Operating conditions and controls. This is an overview of the characteristics of chemical reactions involved, processing variables and the general nature of controls. Processing variables are identified, as well as their effects, required parameters and method of control. Also addressed here are consequences resulting from deviation from operating limits, and steps necessary to correct deviation. Emergency equipment. Safety valves and rupture discs are listed, as well as associated fluids, sizes, locations, respective set points, and points of discharge. Alarms and safety circuits, including trip systems and safety-shutdown controls, are described. Control-valve position in the case of air failure is addressed. Preparation for intial startup. Precommissioning and commissioning phases are discussed. This section then addresses possible methods for hydrostatic testing of equipment. General procedures are given for the following: preparing instrumentation, flushing and cleaning process lines (including necessary isolation of specific equipment and instruments), steam or pneumatic testing of lines and equipment, and running-in of pumps, turbines and compressors, with operating conditions to be checked. Normal startup. This part of the manual lists system operating phases and provides general procedures for preparing the system for the introduction of feed. Bringing the facility onstream is then discussed, by section and function. Flows and conditions are addressed. In addition, directions are given for bringing the facility back onstream after emergency shutdown. Normal shutdown. Shutdown is briefly explained. A recommended sequence of actions is given. Emergency shutdown. Warning signals or conditions that may precede the need for an emergency shutdown are addressed, and design provisions for handling emergency actions are described. Types of problems described include: electrical power failure, loss of steam supply, instrument-air or cooling-water failure and plant fire emergency. This section also addresses the emergency's possible effects on sections of the plant, automatic controls that will be activated, manual operation that may be required, and actions to be taken. Major equipment. This section addresses vessels, exchangers, heaters, rotating equipment and miscellaneous equipment. An equipment list presents, in table form, each type of equipment and documents requisitions for each piece. A line list tabulates each line on the plant's engineering flow diagram. For each line, it specifies boundaries, design temperature and pressure, insulation specification, line size and piping specifications. In addition, an instrument summary-data sheet provides information on design, flow, temperature, pressure, level, analysis rate and alarm set points of plant instruments. Engineering flow diagrams (EFDs), process flow diagrams (PFDs) and plot plans. EFDs schematize systems, instrumentation, equipment, relief valves, piping specifications and insulation specifications. An engineer or operator must be able to interpret these diagrams to monitor the plant. Plot plans show the layout of the plant. PFDs indicate the main lines of the process unit. Safety. General safety information and recommended practices are offered, including owner-established safety regulations. Generic material safety data sheets for chemicals used in the plant are included, and special or unique hazards are highlighted in text as they occur in each section of the manual. Precautions necessary to prevent operator exposure are addressed, including engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment. Control measures to be taken in the event of physical contact or airborne exposure are discussed. Appendix. A glossary of terms is given. In addition, pertinent vendor licensee instructions for specific processes or equipment are included here. Use of process simulators A process simulator is a microcomputer program that dynamically represents a process. Different operating conditions can be simulated. Next to running an actual process, a process simulator provides the best training available. In addition, mistakes made on a simulator do not lead to fatalities, injuries or equipment damage. The process simulator should also be used for refresher training. Peter Carmody in the 1960s produced the Carmody Trainer, which was the beginning of the process simulator as we know it today. The Carmody trainer -- a training tool, but not really a process simulator -- was replaced with analog-based, control-room-panel process simulators in the 1970s, and digital, desktop versions in the 1980s. Versions from the 1990s are likely to integrate expert control, providing automatic response to critical situations. Three types of simulators are used today: control-room-panel, desktop, and console. The control-room-panel type, still useful in small or pilot plants, is being phased out by desktop and console versions. A desktop simulator's main advantage is portability. A console unit, which should be as similar as possible to the plant's actual control unit, can actually be placed in the control room for training. There are a variety of good, commercially available process simulators. Many process units use standard process-simulator programs (sidebar, below); customized programs may take from 18 to 20 months to design. Trainers and communication The third and most important part of any training program, the trainer can be a chief operator, process or project engineer, or vendor representative. However, even the most knowledgeable and experienced person must be able to communicate ideas to trainees (see page 132, this issue). Even good communicators will have trouble if they resort to jargon, such as ``cracking open'' a valve, ``bumping over'' the compressor or ``rolling over'' a pump. Relatively inexperienced trainees will have difficulty with these words, even if their native tongue is English. Trainees working in their second language will likely find them impossible to fathom. A startup incident in Germany illustrates this point. A shift operator told his German trainee-operator to shut down the naphtha makeup pump ``and everything.'' The U.S. operator meant only to shut down, block in and drain the pump. The trainee, who had never participated in a startup before, overreacted and shut down not only the naphtha makeup pump but every other pump in that section, causing the plant to be shut down. Trainees should always be asked if they have any questions. The trainer should speak slowly and take time answering questions. A lesson plan should be carefully prepared for each session, so that no important items will be left out. The operating manual can form the basis for lesson plans; however, no printed matter should be handed out until the session is almost over, when the trainer is ready to recap the lesson. If trainees are handed papers before the talk, they tend to read them and ignore the speaker. Classroom training This training is based on lesson plans developed from the operating manual, each covering approximately one manual section. Classroom training normally takes place from 8:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, and lasts for two weeks. A one-hour lunch break and two 15-minute breaks are given. At the end of each day, salient lesson points are reviewed, and trainees receive a short test. The test evaluates not the trainee, but the trainer and training method -- how well ideas are being communicated to the class. Because good trainer-trainee communication is easier with small numbers of trainees, the classes should be limited to six to eight trainees. One technique that works well is to have each session videotaped. The facility receives copies of these tapes for later use at the site. Training at a similar plant Training personnel for a new facility at a similar refinery or plant can be held up by legal concerns. Delays of weeks or even months can occur while the similar-plant owner arranges for appropriate insurance and liability protection. Continuity of training is another important concern. Trainees normally only observe at such field sites -- they typically do not get a chance to actually open and close valves and start and stop pumps. It is a good idea to have the classroom instructor accompany trainees to a similar plant to provide supplementary commentary and to act as liaison for them. Field training can usually be completed in four weeks of five working days per week. As noted, no hands-on training takes place in the similar plant. During observation, trainees are exposed to the daily duties of shift personnel and how the process unit operates. The day is split into classroom question-and-answer sessions and field observation. Jobsite training The last phase of training concludes the operators' initiation to the plant, and overlaps with the beginning of precommissioning. A chief operator or process engineer typically conducts this phase, which usually lasts eight weeks of five to six working days each. Trainees familiarize themselves with plant process and safety procedures, and with the help of trainers, develop checklists for major pieces of equipment. In some cases, they also begin flushing lines and preparing rotating equipment for operation. Precommissioning procedures In the precommissioning phase, equipment is checked on a nonoperational basis. At this time, actual process materials are not yet introduced into the plant's battery limits. Operators work hand-in-glove with construction personnel (sidebar, below). Sound preparation for operation, plus checking and cleaning of equipment, eliminates many problems that can delay or hinder startup. It is advisable for operators to maintain marked-up charts to indicate the daily progress of these procedures, and to ensure that every item on the engineering flowsheets has been included in the program. Operators should undertake the following actions: 1. Check that all equipment has been correctly fabricated and installed according to vendors' drawings and specifications 2. Become familiar with plant layout, starting with equipment, through piping, to valving and instrumentation 3. Carefully study instructions in the operating manual together with equipment vendors' instructions and detailed operating procedures. To verify that they are familiar with equipment and understand instructions and procedures, operators should go through ``dummy runs.'' During a ``dummy run,'' operators are questioned on how to conduct specific operations, such as starting and shutting down pumps, turbines, compressors, fired heaters and fans 4. Check that the plant as built is compatible with operating instructions and procedures; ie., that adequate valves, vents, drains and line blinds are provided 5. Ensure that piping is correctly installed with respect to: terminals, branches and lengths; direction of flow for valves and strainers; accessibility of shut-off valves; vibration precautions; and location of instrument taps and sampling points 6. Check that the plant is safe to start up. All safety valves must be correctly installed with a minimum of piping between the unit and the valve. There should be no possibility of leakage from vents, drains, pipes or equipment flanges. All fire-fighting equipment must be ready for use 7. Make sure that steam tracing and insulation are in place before operators attempt to carry out any operations, especially in cold ambient conditions 8. Remove all scaffolds, tools and debris. Walkways, doors and escape routes should be unobstructed; trenches should be covered, and the entire plant must be cleaned 9. All safety equipment, such as showers, respirators, gas masks and eye-wash stations, should be checked and ready to use 10. All operators must be aware of first-aid procedures, as well as the location and proper use of safety equipment After the procedures above have been completed, flushing and cleaning of lines can be started. After initial inspection, all vessels can be closed with proper gaskets, i.e., ``headed up'' or ``buttoned up,'' and mechanical tests started for running in the pumps. Preparing utilities Various equipment systems are discussed in the following sections. Personnel should take proper safety precautions whenever they are preparing equipment for startup. Where equipment is to be tested under pressure, rope off the relevant area and warn personnel to stay clear. Electrical equipment. All electrical equipment must be commissioned by qualified electrical engineering personnel. Motors should be test-run uncoupled to prove the motor and control circuitry before connecting them to any machinery. At this stage, motor-rotation direction should be checked to see that it is correct for the driven equipment before coupling up. Before any power is admitted to the facilities, all grounding cables should be checked thoroughly for proper connections. Incoming power, which is high voltage, usually goes through a stepdown transformer to a motor control center, circuit breakers, a switch rack and a pushbutton or switch. The transformer oil, circuit-breaker fuses and time-delay relays must be checked before the power is turned on. Plant air systems. All plant air piping and hoses must be blown clean. Allow air to blow through open lines until all traces of dirt and moisture disappear. For best results, blow air through at the highest possible velocity without overloading the compressors. Check air headers for leaks. Plant water systems. Flush out each utility hose station to clean lines and ensure that no blockages exist. Disconnect cooling water lines to machinery and flush through until lines are clear. Open high-point vents to bleed off air. Nitrogen system. After hydrotesting the system, connect an air line to the nitrogen header at the battery limit and blow the lines clear of water and dirt, up to the connections with the process. In addition, blow air back to the supply point. This system should be dry and dustfree before nitrogen is admitted for purging the complete system. Instrument air system. The procedure used on instrument-air lines is similar to that used to clean plant air lines. A competent instrument technician should be in charge. Steam system. Remove (or turn to the open position) blind flanges at ends of steam headers and blow the piping out thoroughly to remove dirt and scale. Slowly increase the steam pressure on live steam headers, making sure that valves connected to process vessels are closed and that bleeders are open. One by one, open branch lines, making sure bleeders are open near the end and that inlet valves to drivers are closed. Bring all lines up to full steam pressure slowly after they have been thoroughly flushed. Check that all steam traps are functioning properly. Instrument preparations Orifice plates and safety valves are included here because the instrument engineer is responsible for the choice and purchase of these pieces of equipment. An orifice plate is used for differential-pressure transmitters to indicate flowrate through various lines. Ensure that all orifice plates are the correct size and that each is installed in its correct locations with its proper gasket. Install orifice plates immediately before performing a plant tightness test. This is a test in which the plant is checked at or near operating pressure with steam or nitrogen. Based on the results of the tightness test, employees can repair detected leaks before introducing hydrocarbons or other process materials into the process. Before installing safety valves, ensure that each valve is correctly tagged and tested onsite to check for correct lift-off and seating. Adjust valves to correct settings, if necessary. Check all instruments against design data to ascertain that they are in the correct locations. They should possess the proper range of measurement. All control valves must be ``stroked'' over their full operating range to ensure freedom of movement. A control valve is ``stroked'' when its position is changed from the control-room console by fully opening it manually, closing it to 25% open, opening it to 75% open, closing it to 50% open and then fully closing it. Control valves should then be checked via the following method: An instrumentation engineer transmits pneumatic air signals to the diaphragm of a control valve from a handheld, manual loading station. This verifies the full stroke of the control valve. Check valves for correct action on air failure. Alarms and automatic safety switches must be tested. Likewise, plant trip systems should be thoroughly checked. Check all alarm and trip settings and test, by simulation, that every trip actuator initates a trip at the correct specified condition. Flushing and cleaning of process lines Preparation. The following actions should be taken: 1. All measuring elements, orifice plates, restriction orifices and special fittings that may be blocked by debris must be removed from lines 2. All instruments should be isolated from lines 3. Where practical, ``roll'' or ``drop out'' all control valves to prevent pitting of the valve seats due to deposition of debris on the seat. Wherever possible, lines should be flushed or blown before installation of valves 4. Fully open all block valves in the lines to be flushed and blown, except those valves that isolate equipment 5. Remove flappers from all check valves 6. Sections upstream of heat exchangers should not be blown through or flushed into exchangers. Piping should be disconnected and exchanger flanges covered with sheet metal. After flushing or blowing clear of debris, the line can be reconnected and water flushed or air blown through the exchanger to the next section. This will prevent debris from blocking exchanger tubes. Exchanger bypass lines should also be flushed and blown 7. Most debris dislodged during flushing and blowing-out operations will accumulate in knockout drums that will be manually cleaned at the end of the operation. Vent air through the largest vents available upstream of the equipment being isolated. If necessary, remove a block valve from lines for venting. It is essential to obtain the highest possible gas velocity in order to completely remove foreign matter that may have accumulated during construction Continue flushing and blowing-out procedures for each section until no more scale and debris are dislodged. Then repeat the procedure on the next section of the plant. Wherever possible, install target plates across the vent to aid in determining when the air is no longer removing scale or debris, indicating clean piping. Cautions. To avoid cracking and disintegration as drying occurs, do not expose refractory-lined equipment to water. Use air blowing only. Cracks may cause hot spots on the shell when equipment is subsequently placed in service. All fittings and manhole covers must be securely fastened during the blowout procedure, since even relatively small pressures can send sizeable objects flying. In addition, small objects in a high-velocity air stream can severely injure personnel and damage equipment. Where necessary, install a vent pipe to a safe location. Stainless-steel equipment should be flushed out with treated water. This prevents equipment from coming into contact with chlorides, which can cause stress-corrosion cracking. For equipment that cannot be water flushed, pressurize each piece of equipment to about 7.5 kg/cm2with plant air and discharge through downstream equipment to atmosphere. Repeat this procedure for each major piece of equipment and each major section of process pipework. After blowing out, each vessel must be manually cleaned and inspected. After blowing out or water flushing any system, check carefully to see that piping has been properly realigned, temporary piping disconnected, temporary breaks reconnected, control valves reinstalled, valve flappers or cover plates replaced, and orifice plates installed. Valves not ``rolled'' or ``dropped out'' during blowing or flushing should be checked for closure and dropped out as required for cleaning. If valve gates must be removed, mark the gate and the valve body to prevent replacing a wrong gate. All piping must be drained of flushing water and blown with air to ensure that the pipe is reasonably dry. This prevents water from reaching process equipment during subsequent operations. Prior to final bolting down of cover plates on entryways, the interior of all vessels should be finally inspected for cleanliness and correct installation of internals. Specific-component procedures Rotational equipment. All necessary cooling-water piping must be correctly installed to stuffing boxes, bearing jackets and quench glands. Inspect seal water connections. Ensure that lubricating oil piping to bearings is correctly installed. Verify that each bearing housing has sufficient grease or oil for operation and that the type used is as specified by the manufacturer. Install temporary strainers and check filters for correct size and type of cartridge against specifications. Instrumentation necessary to run equipment must be checked out before starting. Pumps. These should be checked by an experienced millwright or vendor's mechanic. Operators should ensure that pumps are started in accordance with manufacturer's operating instructions. Centrifugal pumps. The following is a general guide: 1. Follow vendor's instructions for each particular pump. Often, the procedure is to open the suction valve and close the discharge valves, then ``crack'' open the discharge valve 2. Bleed pump until full of liquid. Never run a centrifugal pump dry 3. Turn on cooling water to the pump bearing and packing glands. On pumps fitted with mechanical seals, be sure cooling and flushing lines are open 4. Start the pump at low capacity (about 25% of design rate) by throttling the discharge valve 5. If the discharge pressure and motor amperage are satisfactory, slowly open the discharge valve to give the desired flow rate 6. Check pump and driver bearings for signs of excessive vibration or overheating 7. Check packing glands for leaks. Adjust, as required, on packing nuts. At the start, it is desirable to have some leakage in order to allow packing to run in 8. Check power requirements of the pump driver, and check pump performance against specifications 9. Run the pump for one hour and then shut it down to check seals and alignment. In shutting down, the discharge valve is closed first, the pump stopped, and then the suction valve is closed 10. Temporary screens should remain in all pump-suction lines throughout initial startup, or for at least one month, since operation may dislodge foreign matter that was not flushed out during testing and preparation stages 11. If any temporary strainer interferes with normal operation, it may be removed after it shows clean on two consecutive inspections 12. Pump pressure gages must be kept in accurate, good working order as, in many cases, the gage is the only indication that the pump is operating correctly Positive displacement pumps. These must not be started with a closed discharge valve. Excess pressure, which can quickly result in a closed or pinched discharge valve, may damage the pump. Compressors. Several precautions must be taken when compressors are started for the first time. Any carelessness or lack of knowledge can cause serious damage. Preparations for actual running-in operations on air should be carried out under the direction of the compressor manufacturer's field representative. Before attempting to start compressors, every operator should study all sections of the manufacturer's instruction manual to learn as much as possible about mechanical details and to understand lubricating and cooling systems and all control instruments. After each operator becomes familiar with the compressors by starting and stopping them a number of times, and has had some experience in caring for the machines, routine operation will become simple. The importance of clean suction lines from knockout drums to compressor suctions cannot be overemphasized. Operators must be sure these lines have been thoroughly cleaned before using compressors to take suction from knockout drums. Never start compressors with shutdown devices inoperative. Vendor representatives may install bypass wiring on trips to check machinery; however, operators should not do this. Piping and equipment supports. When temperatures change, equipment undergoes thermal expansion or contraction. Supports and piping flexibility are provided to allow and guide these changes. These supports must be free to move during heatup and startup. Fired-heater dryout. This section addresses only heaters -- boilers have only water in their tubes, and therefore are not treated with this dryout procedure. Dryout procedures are used to cure furnace refractory before initial process operation. At the same time, the dryout period is also a means of checking operation of certain heater components, such as burners, and such control devices that may be used during the dryout period. Heater manufacturers' instructions should be reviewed and carefully followed for dryout. Commissioning steps During this phase, equipment is run in, facility operators are given on-the-job training, and process materials are introduced into the plant (sidebar, facing page). With all new lines flushed, relief valves mounted, and pumps and compressors coupled to motors, the idea is to first test fluid flow in a cold condition. Operating tests should then be performed on as much equipment as possible, followed by punch listing of offsite facilities and utilities. How to punch list Punchlisting means making a verifying check of various items to ensure that piping and equipment is installed according to plant design. Applied correctly, punchlisting completes the work of the construction team. A necessary step in startup, punchlisting is unfortunately a tedious task. Many items are given short shrift when the punch list is formulated because other things engage operators' attention. In addition, construction personnel will at this stage be reluctant to expend time rectifying problems uncovered by punchlisting. The construction team, by this point, is generally anxious to move on to its next construction assignment; and, if operators discover design or equipment deficiencies, the construction team's tendency is to oppose any further work it might deem unnecessary. Operators should therefore carefully justify any changes they might request. In general, the sooner the punchlist is formulated and applied, the better for all concerned. The construction team's records provide a useful source of information during punchlisting. Operators should consult these records carefully to determine whether the following actions have already been taken: checking of motors for rotation; removal of locking pins from spring hangers; cold alignment of pumps and compressors; and sign-off of vessel inspection sheets. During punchlisting, operators ensure that the as-built plant is consistent with the unit's original design. Some major items that should be included in punchlisting are: - Engineering
flowsheets The items above are a foundation for a firm punchlisting for offsites and utilities. They represent areas in which avoidable problems often occur at facilities. Typically, startup is delayed more by oversight than by design. If crucial elements can be nailed down in precommissioning and commissioning, unnecessary delays will be eliminated and the startup proper can be addressed. Although the contract must be followed, operators should request field modifications where needed to protect personnel and equipment. Finally, startup Startup normally commences with the introduction of feedstock into the unit (sidebar, page 91). All precommissioning and commissioning items have been completed, and the unit is either under an inert gas atmosphere (ie., nitrogen) or drained and ready for a last nitrogen purge. Each startup must be tailored to owner, unit and facility operators. Safe operating plateaus should always be established during initial startup. These allow personnel to pause at any given stage, without having to totally shut down the plant. Everything in a startup must be done thoroughly, logically and with good sense -- which is not so common. Edited by Irene Kim M.P. Nayar (70 Coomoora Road, Ardross, Perth, WA 6153 Australia; Tel. 09-364-4207) has 19 years of experience in design, engineering, project management, construction, commissioning and startup of oil and gas facilities. He has worked for Brown & Root (Singapore) and Engineers India Ltd (India). Nayar holds a B.S. in mechanical engineering and a postgraduate diploma in personnel management from Delhi University. He is a fellow in the Institution of Engineers (Australia) and a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Mark E. Wheeler is senior control engineer for PID, a Phoenix-based systems integrator that provides performance analysis and control software for a range of industries. Wheeler joined PID from Hoechst Celanese, where he was lead control engineer for several retrofits and installations involving the Honeywell TDC 3000 system. Wheeler graduated from the University of California at Santa Barbara with a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering. Martin E. Butler is the Plant Operations Manager for Foster Wheeler USA Corp. (Perryville Corporate Park, Clinton, NJ 08809-4000; Tel. 908-730-4000). With Foster Wheeler since 1964, he has started up refineries, process units and utilities in Europe, south America, the Middle East, and the U.S. He has recruited for clients in India and written operating manuals and presented training programs in Brazil, Canada, Germany, Kuwait, Portugal, Italy and the U.S. He has worked in the Pilot Plant and Manufacturing Plant for Standard Brands inc. He graduated from Indiana Technical College in 1959 with a B.S. in chemical engineering. |
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